Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is vulnerable to populist inclinations. It's still more stable than was expected.
The country is searching for an innovative development paradigm. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors as well as gendered family relations continues to influence the way we live. But there are signs that a secularist culture is emerging.
Origins
In the prehistoric era the ancestors of the modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and even made furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also created a metalworking industry, producing bronze tools, and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced cedon papermaking block printing, art styles and written language to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence in the southern region of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a state that was hierarchical with the monarch and top officials were members of the aristocracy of the land, whereas the rest of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes forced them to serve in the army or build fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje took on Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obedient to everyone and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes created by the mouth when pronouncing. This dramatically improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and movable metal type were also improved. It was during this period that the Samguk sagi or 'History of the Three Kingdoms' first appeared in 1145 CE.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times. Early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stones, with precious items such as amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from huge single stones, are also prevalent throughout the country.
In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE), including Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was occupied by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians don't consider to be a proper Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged in the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Of them, Baekje was the most powerful state, but its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to work together to expand their territories. 에볼루션 사이트 with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era its development model appears to be in flux. The people who are awed by the huge cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of capital, labor and product markets. On the other hand those who support the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear of job loss.
Analysts and academics are divided on the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article assesses developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution that include democratic illiberalism (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87) democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also identifies the key factors that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made strides in promoting their views to this segment. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed there was not enough scientific evidence to support the theory 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a majority of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past, the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching students and bringing Christ to them. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event was attended by a large number of professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The success of the event led to the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The inauguration meeting was widely covered in national newspapers, such as The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, which covered its activities and published articles about scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures at universities and churches throughout the country.
One example of an KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in the idea of creationism that they raised the funds and support to construct a small museum on campus featuring creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established a network of local branch offices that give talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became popular with the general public. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led economic policies. It also requires changing incentives, monitoring or discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. In the process, it entered into frequent battle with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and exerted control over part of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival to Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla and later joined Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. 무료에볼루션 introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the central government system. This marked the closing of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point the Korean peninsula was controlled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.